有沒有三拍的Bossa Nova？ - 以實際操作與示範證明Bossa Nova的「三在四裡面」或「偶數拍之奇數分句」的律動感，也補充介紹兩首知名的七〇年代巴西“新音樂”創作曲《Cravo E Canela》與《Xibaba》

文 / 謝啟彬

今天在國際爵士工作坊的問答環節中，有學生提問是否存在3/4拍的Bossa Nova？蟻正行義（Yuki Arimasa）老師與我皆認為此類作品極為罕見，幾乎不存在。這恰恰切入主題 - 源自巴西的Bossa Nova確實更富「三在四裡面」或「偶數拍之奇數分句」的律動感，但仍以四拍或大二拍為主。

然而我確實回想起幾首作品，確信凱雅老師也很熟悉——畢竟我們多年鑽研巴西音樂，近期甚至合作過相關互動講座。這段記憶在返家駕車途中浮現腦海。

嚴格來說，並非Bossa Nova本身採用3/4拍（這就像問「是否有3/4拍的House舞曲」一樣，本身就音樂屬性上幾乎很少見），而是泛指採用3/4拍的巴西音樂風格，至少有兩首Samba曲風的歌曲是如此，許多非洲巴西（Afro-Brazilian）融合樂派亦屬此類。

首曲《Cravo E Canela》（丁香與肉荳蔻）出自Milton Nascimento經典專輯《Clube Da Esquina》（街角俱樂部》），眾多爵士、拉丁與融合樂手皆曾翻唱與致敬，我們最初是透過George Duke的版本認識此曲，後來追溯至作曲家本人：

第二首3/4拍（或非洲Afro 6/8拍，不要過度執著於記譜法，能感受得到比較重要）作品是Airto Moreira創作的《Xibaba》（Airto Moreira與Milton Nascimento是七〇年代巴西樂壇兩大巨擘），但我們最初是透過Blue Note唱片公司爵士鋼琴家/作曲家/編曲家製作人 - Duke Pearson的詮釋而熟知，他晚年致力於探索「新聲音」：

今日我確信任何熱愛巴西音樂的人都知曉這兩首曲子，若詢問巴西出生的日裔歌手小野麗莎（Liso Ono，也是蟻正行義老師在洗足學園音樂大學爵士與美國音樂研究所的學生），她必定耳熟能詳。它們雖非爵士標準曲，卻堪稱巴西音樂的經典之作。巴西的音樂風格遠不止Samba與Bossa Nova，而這兩首創作誕生於七〇年代，某種意義上可稱之為「新音樂」。

《Cravo E Canela》與《Xibaba》雖非傳統巴西音樂，卻融合了多元音樂傳統。最初由巴西音樂家創作演繹，隨後風靡全球，至今仍有眾多跨流派音樂人鍾愛並演奏這些作品，也推薦給大家增廣見聞、延伸聆聽耳界！

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Today during the Q&A section of the International Jazz Workshop, a student asked is there any Bossa Nova in 3/4? both Yuki san and I all recalled it's pretty rare and nearly none, That's more into the topic, and Bossa Nova from Brazil indeed got more feel of "3 in 4" or "3 against 4" groove.

I did have some memories recalled, however, and I am sure Kai-ya Chang knows too, because we are into the Brazilian music for years and even did some interactive lectures about that recently, so I remember it when I was driving home.

Technically speaking, it's not Bossa Nova in 3/4 (it's like asking is there a House/Techno tune in 3/4...), it's more about the general Brazilian music/style in 3/4, or at at least Samba in 3/4, or much Afro-Brazilian music styles in 3/4.

The first song is "Cravo E Canela" written by Milton Nascimento from his noted album "Clube Da Esquina", many Jazz and Latin and Fusion musicians covered it, we knew it from listening to George Duke, then way back to the composer himself:

The second song in 3/4 (or African 6/8, the notation isn't the problem) is "Xibaba" written by Airto Moreira (Airto and Milton are 2 important Brazilian music figures in the 70's), but we knew it from hearing the Jazz pianist/composer/arranger/producer of Blue Note Records - Duke Pearson, he was into the searching of the "New Sound' in his late years:

I am sure anyone who is into the Brazilian music know both songs, if you asked Miss Lisa Ono she definitely knows them, they are not the Jazz Standards, but more like the Brazilian Music Standards, in Brazil its far more music styles than Samba and Bossa Nova, and of course these two songs were written in 70's, so you could say they are "New Music" in a way.

Not really traditional Brazilian music, but absorbed so many musical traditions, composed and performed by Brazilian musicians in the beginning, then spread to the world, many musicians from other genres love them and play them till today, Highly recommend!

George Duke與Lee Ritenour的《Cravo E Canela》版本：